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Export from Turkey
Turkey has the world's 17th largest GDP. The country is among the founding members of the OECD and the G-20 major economies. Turkey's largely free-market economy is increasingly driven by its industry and service sectors, although its traditional agriculture sector still accounts for about 25% of employment. An aggressive privatization program has reduced state involvement in basic industry, banking, transport, and communication, and an emerging cadre of middle-class entrepreneurs is adding dynamism to the economy and expanding production beyond the traditional textiles and clothing sectors. The automotive, construction, and electronics industries are rising in importance and have surpassed textiles within Turkey's export mix.
Turkey has a sizable automotive industry, which produced over a million motor vehicles in 2012, ranking as the 17th largest producer in the world. Turkish shipbuilding exports were worth US$1.2 billion in 2011. The major export markets are Malta, Marshall Islands, Panama and the United Kingdom.
Other key sectors of the Turkish economy are banking, construction, home appliances, electronics, textiles, oil refining, petrochemical products, food, mining, iron and steel, and machine industry.
Turkey major exports are textiles, clothing, cars, iron and steel, refined petroleum, raw iron bars, vehicle parts, delivery trucks, chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Turkey is also one of the leading shipbuilding nations.
Turkey's main export partners are Germany, Iraq, UK, Italy, France.
Import to Turkey
The economy of Turkey is defined as an emerging market economy by the IMF. Turkey is among the world's developed countries. Turkey is also defined by economists and political scientists as one of the world's newly industrialized countries. The country is among the world's leading producers of agricultural products; textiles; motor vehicles, ships and other transportation equipment; construction materials; consumer electronics and home appliances.
The EU accession process has been a significant anchor for reforms in Turkey, but progress has slowed in recent years. The EU is Turkey’s largest economic partner, accounting for around 40 percent of Turkish trade. Turkey has benefited significantly from deepening integration with the EU through the growing sophistication of both exports and imports and access to financing.
Turkey imports mainly machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, gold, scrap iron, fuels and transport equipment.
Main import partners of Turkey are Russia, China, Germany, the US, France, South Korea.
Vegetable oil is a triglyceride extracted from a plant. In terms of consumption as a food product, vegetable oils are seen as the healthier alternative as they contain more unsaturated fatty acids than animal fats.
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Oils extracted from plants have been used since ancient times and in many cultures. Many vegetable oils are consumed directly, or indirectly as ingredients in food – a role that they share with some animal fats, including butter, ghee, lard, and Schmaltz.
Many vegetable oils are used to make soap, skin products, candles, perfumes and fragrances as well as other personal care and makeup products. Some oils are particularly suitable as drying oils, and are used in making paints, dyes, ink and other wood treatment products. Dammar oil (a mixture of linseed oil and dammar resin) is used almost exclusively in treating the hulls of wooden boats. Vegetable oils are increasingly being used in the electrical industry as insulators as vegetable oils are not toxic to the environment, biodegradable if spilled and have high flash and fire points.
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Customs requirements of Turkey
Turkey Customs Contacts
Website: http://www.turkeycustoms.net/
E-mail: info@turkeycustoms.net
Address: Maslak Ayazağa mah. Dereboyu sok. Sun Plaza Kat 13, No: 25, Şişli, İstanbul, Türkiye
Telephone: +90 212 444 12 37
Fax: +90 212 366 58 02
Turkey is a contry situated in Eurasia, mainly on the Anatolian peninsula in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is bordered by 8 countries: Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan, Georgia, Bulgaria, and Greece. It is also bordered by the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. Turkey is a member of the UN, NATO, a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, OIC and G-20. Turkey is also an associate member of the European Economic Community and the EU Customs Union, as well as an applicant to the European Union. The country's location between Europe and Asia makes it strategically important.
Tariffs
Tariffs on imports from non-European countries are approximately 3% above European Union rates, but vary on a product-by-product basis.
A Value Added Tax applies in Turkey irrespective of the country of origin. For most agricultural products (basic food) VAT ranges from 1% to 8% and for some processed products can reach up to 18%.
Capital goods, some raw materials, imports by government agencies and state owned enterprises and products for investments with incentive certificates are exempt from import fees. Import duties are calculated on the Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF) value.
The government has adopted the EU's common external trade standards, so customs tariffs and duties (with a few exceptions) are equal to those of the EU. Turkey's weighted rate of protection for imports of non-sensitive industrial products is zero for items originating in the EU and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) countries.
Some agricultural goods will remain protected by steep tariffs. When the EU applies further Uruguay Round reductions, Turkey's average rates for third countries will be lowered to 3.5 per cent.
Despite the EU alliance, Turkey continues to maintain various tariff and non-tariff barriers to control and restrict imports, particularly for agriculture products (including wine).
Product certification, labelling and packaging
Labelling
Special regulations apply to labelling of some items, including:
- food products
- products used by humans
- pharmaceutical products
- insecticides
Translation into Turkish is required and all industrial products must bear a registered trademark. All packages, cases and bales must bear:
- shipping marks
- numbers
- dimensions
- gross weight of the merchandise
Packaging
Packing should be strong and should guard against heat in summer, humidity in winter and possible periods of storage in the open.
Special certificates
Import licenses and phytosanitary certificates are necessary for food and agricultural commodity imports.
Methods of quoting and payment
Quotes should be in the form of an itemised pro-forma invoice, Free on Board (FOB) and Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF). Unless instructions are given to the contrary, goods should be fully insured on the CIF value and covered for the entire journey. A letter of credit and favourable credit terms, e.g. up to 60 days, are often expected.
Documentary requirements
Commercial invoice
The commercial invoice must be in triplicate with the original certified and signed by the exporter. The exporter must endorse the original as follows: "We hereby certify that this is the first and original copy of our invoice, the only one issued by our firm for the goods herein mentioned."
It is advisable to have documents certified by the Turkish Embassy or Consulate. The commercial invoice must contain:
- description of goods
- unit price
- quantity and total amount
- net weight or number of units
- a breakdown of the total amount if the invoice covers freight charges and/or insurance is required
Certificates of origin
Two copies of the certificate of origin and three copies of the packing list is generally required. It may need to be certified by a chamber of commerce or similar body or by the Turkish Consulate in Australia.
The certificate must identify:
- the name and address of the consignor and consignee
- the nature of the goods
- the type of packing and number of packages
- marks, numbers, gross and net weight in kilograms
- FOB and CIF values together with shipping route
Bill of lading
The original bill of lading and three copies should be submitted. Details must correspond exactly with those on the commercial invoice.
Sources:
http://www.verginet.net/UserFiles/File/pusula_serisi/customs(1).pdf
http://turkishlaborlaw.com/news/legal-news/110-import-regulations-in-turkey